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Proxying
========

Dovecot supports proxying IMAP, POP3, <Submission.txt> (v2.3+), <LMTP.txt>, and
<ManageSieve> [Pigeonhole.ManageSieve.txt] connections to other hosts. The
proxying can be done for all users, or only for some specific users. There are
two ways to do the authentication:

 1. Forward the password to the remote server. The proxy may or may not perform
    authentication itself. This requires that the client uses only plaintext
    authentication, or alternatively the proxy has access to users' passwords
    in plaintext.
 2. Let Dovecot proxy perform the authentication and login to remote server
    using the proxy's <master password> [MasterPassword.txt]. This allows
    client to use also non-plaintext authentication.

The proxy is configured pretty much the same way as <login referrals>
[PasswordDatabase.ExtraFields.Host.txt], with the addition of 'proxy' field.
The common fields to use for both proxying ways are:

 * 'proxy' and 'proxy_maybe': Enables the proxying. Either one of these fields
   is required.
    * 'proxy_maybe' can be used to implement "automatic proxying". If the proxy
      destination matches the current connection, the user gets logged in
      normally instead of being proxied. If the same happens with 'proxy', the
      login fails with "Proxying loops" error.
       * 'proxy_maybe' with LMTP requires v2.1.0+
       * 'proxy_maybe' with 'host=<dns name>' requires v2.1.2+.
       * 'auth_proxy_self' setting in dovecot.conf can be used to specify extra
         IPs that are also considered to be the proxy's own IPs. (v2.1.2+)
    * 'proxy_always' can be used with 'proxy_maybe' to conditionally do
      proxying to specified remote host (host isn't self) or to let director
      assign a backend host (host is self). So basically this setting just
      always sends the 'proxy' extra field to login process, but not
      necessarily the 'host'. Useful when dividing users across multiple
      director clusters.
 * 'host=s': The destination server's *IP address*. This field is required.
 * 'source_ip=s': The source IP address to use for outgoing connections.
   (v2.2.14+)
 * 'port=s': The destination server's port. The default is 143 with IMAP and
   110 with POP3.
 * 'protocol=s': The protocol to use for the connection to the destination
   server. This field is currently only relevant for LMTP: it can be used to
   select either "lmtp" or "smtp".
 * 'destuser=s': Tell client to use a different username when logging in.
 * 'proxy_mech=s': Tell client to use this SASL authentication mechanism when
   logging in.
 * 'proxy_timeout': Abort connection after this many seconds.
 * 'proxy_nopipelining': Don't pipeline IMAP commands. This is a workaround for
   broken IMAP servers that hang otherwise. (v2.2.11+)
 * 'proxy_not_trusted': IMAP/POP3 proxying never sends the ID/XCLIENT command
   to remote. (v2.2.27+)

You can use SSL/TLS connection to destination server by returning:

 * 'ssl=yes': Use SSL and require a valid verified remote certificate.
   *WARNING: Unless used carefully, this is an insecure setting!* Before
   v2.0.16/v2.1.beta1 the host name isn't checked in any way against the
   certificate's CN. The only way to use this securely is to only use and allow
   your own private CA's certs, anything else is exploitable by a
   man-in-the-middle attack.
    * Note that 'ssl_client_ca_dir' or 'ssl_client_ca_file' aren't currently
      used for verifying the remote certificate, although ideally they will be
      in a future Dovecot version. For now you need to add the trusted remote
      certificates to 'ssl_ca'.
    * *NOTE:* LMTP proxying supports SSL/TLS only since v2.3.1 - for older
      versions any ssl/starttls extra field is ignored.
    * *NOTE:* doveadm proxying doesn't support SSL/TLS currently - any
      ssl/starttls extra field is ignored.
 * 'ssl=any-cert': Use SSL, but don't require a valid remote certificate.
 * 'starttls=yes': Use STARTTLS command instead of doing SSL handshake
   immediately after connected.
 * 'starttls=any-cert': Combine starttls and ssl=any-cert.
 * Additionally you can also tell Dovecot to send SSL client certificate to the
   remote server using 'ssl_client_cert' and 'ssl_client_key' settings in
   'dovecot.conf' (v2.0.17+).

Set 'login_trusted_networks' to point to the proxies in the backends. This way
you'll get the clients' actual IP addresses logged instead of the proxy's.

The destination servers don't need to be running Dovecot, but you should make
sure that the Dovecot proxy doesn't advertise more capabilities than the
destination server can handle. For IMAP you can do this by changing
'imap_capability' setting. For POP3 you'll have to modify Dovecot's sources for
now ('src/pop3/capability.h'). Dovecot also automatically sends updated
untagged CAPABILITY reply if it detects that the remote server has different
capabilities than what it already advertised to the client, but some clients
simply ignore the updated CAPABILITY reply.

v2.2.14+: If your proxy handles a lot of connections (~64k) to the same
destination IP you may run out of TCP ports. The only way to work around this
is to use either multiple destination IPs or ports, or multiple source IPs.
Multiple source IPs can be easily used by adding them to the 'login_source_ips'
setting in 'dovecot.conf'. You can also use hostnames which expand to multiple
IPs. By prefixing the setting with "?" (e.g.'login_source_ips =
?proxy-sources.example.com') Dovecot will use only those IPs that actually
exist in the server, allowing you to share the same config file with multiple
servers. It's probably better not to include the server's default outgoing IP
address in the setting, as explained here
[https://idea.popcount.org/2014-04-03-bind-before-connect/].

v2.2.19+: To avoid reconnection load spikes when a backend server dies, you can
tell proxy to spread the client disconnections over a longer time period (after
the server side of the connection is already
disconnected).'login_proxy_max_disconnect_delay' setting in 'dovecot.conf'
controls this (disabled by default).

v2.2.29+: You can forward arbitratry variables by returning them prefixed with
'forward_'. Dovecot will use protocol dependant way to forward these variables
forward and they will appear on the other side as 'forward_variable' Currently
IMAP/POP3 only feature. This feature requires that the sending host is in
login_trusted_networks. For IMAP the feature works by providing the variables
as part of ID command, such as 'i ID ( ... "x-forward-var" "value")'. For POP3
the forwarding mecahism uses 'XCLIENT' with 'FORWARD=<base64 encoded blob of
forwarded variables>'

See <Design.ParameterForwarding.txt> for more details on forwarding.

Moving users between backends/clusters (v2.2.25+)
-------------------------------------------------

A safe way to move users from one cluster to another is to do it like:

 * Set delay_until=<timestamp> <passdb extra field>
   [PasswordDatabase.ExtraFields.txt] where <timestamp> is the current
   timestamp plus some seconds into future (e.g. 31s). You may also want to
   append e.g. "+5" for some load balancing if a lot of users are moved at
   once.
 * Set host=<new host> passdb extra field. This update should be atomic
   together with the delay_until field.
 * Use "doveadm proxy kick" or "doveadm director kick" to kick the user's
   existing connections.
    * The processes may still continue running in the backend for a longer
      time. If you want to be absolutely sure, you could also run a script to
      kill -9 all processes for the user in the backend. This of course has its
      own problems.

The idea here is that while the user's connections are being kicked and the
backend processes are finishing up and shutting down, new connections are being
delayed in the proxy. This delay should be long enough that the user's existing
processes are expected to die, but not so large that clients get connection
timeouts. A bit over 30 seconds is likely a good value. Once the delay_until
timestamp is reached, the connections continue to the new host.

If you have a lot of users, it helps to group some of them together and do the
host/delay_until updates on a per-group basis rather than per-user basis.

ID command forwarding (v2.2.29+)
--------------------------------

If you want to forward, for some reason, the IMAP ID command provided by the
client, set

---%<-------------------------------------------------------------------------
imap_id_retain=yes
---%<-------------------------------------------------------------------------

This will also enable client_id variable in variable expansions for auth
requests, which will contain the ID command as IMAP arglist.

Password forwarding
-------------------

If you don't want proxy itself to do authentication, you can configure it to
succeed with any given password. You can do this by returning an empty password
and 'nopassword' field.

Master password
---------------

This way of forwarding requires the destination server to support master user
feature. The users will be normally authenticated in the proxy and the common
proxy fields are returned, but you'll need to return two fields specially:

 * 'master=s': This contains the master username (e.g. "proxy"). It's used as
   SASL auhentication ID.
    * Alternatively you could return 'destuser=user*master' and set
      'auth_master_user_separator = *'.
 * 'pass=s': This field contains the master user's password.

See <Authentication.MasterUsers.txt> for more information how to configure
this.

OAuth2 forwarding
-----------------

If you want to forward <OAuth2> [PasswordDatabase.oauth2.txt] tokens, return
field proxy_mech=%m as extra field.

Example password forwarding static DB configuration
---------------------------------------------------

See <PasswordDatabase.Static.txt>

Example password forwarding SQL configuration
---------------------------------------------

Create the SQL table:

---%<-------------------------------------------------------------------------
CREATE TABLE proxy (
  user varchar(255) NOT NULL,
  host varchar(16) default NULL,
  destuser varchar(255) NOT NULL default '',
  PRIMARY KEY  (user)
);
---%<-------------------------------------------------------------------------

Insert data to SQL corresponding your users.

Working data could look like this:
+------+-------------+-----------------+
| user | host        | destuser        |
+------+-------------+-----------------+
| john | 192.168.0.1 |                 |
+------+-------------+-----------------+
| joe  | 192.168.0.2 | joe@example.com |
+------+-------------+-----------------+

The important parts of 'dovecot.conf':

---%<-------------------------------------------------------------------------
# If you want to trade a bit of security for higher performance, change these
settings:
service imap-login {
  service_count = 0
}
service pop3-login {
  service_count = 0
}

# If you are not moving mailboxes between hosts on a daily basis you can
# use authentication cache pretty safely.
auth_cache_size = 4096

auth_mechanisms = plain
passdb {
  driver = sql
  args = /usr/local/etc/dovecot/dovecot-sql.conf.ext
}
---%<-------------------------------------------------------------------------

The important parts of 'dovecot-sql.conf.ext':

---%<-------------------------------------------------------------------------
driver = mysql
connect = host=sqlhost1 host=sqlhost2 dbname=mail user=dovecot password=secret
password_query = SELECT NULL AS password, 'Y' as nopassword, host, destuser,
'Y' AS proxy FROM proxy WHERE user = '%u'
---%<-------------------------------------------------------------------------

Example proxy_maybe SQL configuration
-------------------------------------

Create the SQL table:

---%<-------------------------------------------------------------------------
CREATE TABLE users (
  user varchar(255) NOT NULL,
  domain varchar(255) NOT NULL,
  password varchar(100) NOT NULL,
  host varchar(16) NOT NULL,
  home varchar(100) NOT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (user)
);
---%<-------------------------------------------------------------------------

The important parts of 'dovecot.conf':

---%<-------------------------------------------------------------------------
# user/group who owns the message files:
mail_uid = vmail
mail_gid = vmail

auth_mechanisms = plain

passdb {
  driver = sql
  args = /usr/local/etc/dovecot/dovecot-sql.conf.ext
}
userdb sql {
  driver = sql
  args = /usr/local/etc/dovecot/dovecot-sql.conf.ext
}
---%<-------------------------------------------------------------------------

The important parts of 'dovecot-sql.conf.ext':

---%<-------------------------------------------------------------------------
driver = mysql

password_query = \
  SELECT concat(user, '@', domain) AS user, password, host, 'Y' AS proxy_maybe
\
  FROM users WHERE user = '%n' AND domain = '%d'

user_query = SELECT user AS username, domain, home \
  FROM users WHERE user = '%n' AND domain = '%d'
---%<-------------------------------------------------------------------------

Example proxy LDAP configuration
--------------------------------

see: <PasswordDatabase.ExtraFields.txt> for more information, and a worked out
example

(This file was created from the wiki on 2019-06-19 12:42)